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Biology | أسئلة الكتاب المدرسى على الوحدة الثانية
Q.1 Choose the most accurate answer for the following questions:
1- The average range in which the ovum stay alive inside fallopian tube is:
a) one hour.
b) one day.
c) 1-2 days.
d) 3 days.

2- The average interval in which the sperm stay a life inside female gential system is……
a) One hour.
b) one day.
c) 1-2 days.
d) 2-3 day.

3- The fertilization of the ovum occurs in………..
a) uterus
b) The upper part of fallopian tube.
c)The last half of fallopian tube.
d) The ovary.

4- For the adult woman where the menstrual cycle is 28 days, the phase of ovulation occurs in:
a) The 9th day from the beginning of this cycle.
b) The 14th day from the beginning of the cycle.
c) The 9th from the end of the cycle.
d) The 12th from the beginning of this cycle.

5- The ovum is inserted in the endometrium after:
a) one day after fertilization.
b) 7 days after fertilization.
c) 4 days after fertilization.
d) 5 hours after fertilization.

6- FSH and LH hormones are secreted from:
a) the Graafian follicle.
b) the corpus luteum.
c) the endometrium.
d) the pituitary gland.

7- From the functions of LH hormone is:
a) ovulation.
b) the development of the Graafian follicle.
d) the development of mammary glands.
c) the growth of corpus luteum.

Q.2: Which of the following substances is transferred from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s blood through the placenta?
a) glucose.
b) alcohols.
c) estrogen hormones.
d) anti-bodies.
e) viruses.
f) red blood cells.
g) amino acids
h) oxygen.
Ans.
The substances that transferred from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s blood through the placenta are
a) glucose - b) alcohols - d) anti-bodies - e) viruses - g) amino acids - h) oxygen.

2- The spermatozoa cannot live except in nutritive medium, because they cannot store food inside them.
a) The two statements are right and are related to each other.
b) The two statements are right but not related to each other.
c) The two statements are false.
d) The 1st statement is right and the 2nd is false.
e) The 1st statement is false and the 2nd is right.

3- The secretion of the progesterone hormone begins after three months from pregnancy because the ovary only secrets this hormone.
a) The two statements are right and related to each other.
b) The two statements are right but not related to each other.
c) The two statements are false.
d) The 1st statement is right and the 2nd is false.
e) The 1st statement is false and the 2nd is right.

Q 3: Examine the opposite figure, then answer the following:


a) Label the numbered parts.
b) What is the part outside the genital system structure?
c)What is the importance of the parts No. 3 and 6?
d)What will happen if the organ No. 1, lies inside the body? Why?
e) What would happen if the organ No. 1 is eradicated?

Ans.
a) 1- testis 2- epididymis 3- seminal vesicles - 4- urinary bladder - 5- vas deferens
6- Prostate gland - 7- penis - 8- urethra.

b) The parts outside the genital system structure the vertebral column - the colon - the urinary bladder - the ureter.

c) The importance of No.3 (seminal vesicles secret food substance contain fructose to feed the sperms)
The importance of No. 6- The Prostate gland
1- They secrete a sugary fluid to feed sperms.
2- They secrete an alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidity of the urethra just before the sperms, because the neutral medium suits of the sperms.

d) Whenever a testis fails to descend down into the scrotum, spermatogenesis does not occur, causing infertility (sterility) because the body temperature is higher than (37◦C) the suitable temp. for spermatogenesis (34◦C).

e) If the organ No.1(testis) is eradicated, if one of the two testes is removed the second one will carry out the function of the two testes, but if the two testes are removed that causing infertility (sterility) and disturbance in the action of male sex hormones.

Q4: Examine the opposite figure, then answer the following:


a) Label the numbered parts
b) Mention the stages of spermatogenesis.
c) Clarify the importance of cells No.6 and No.7.
d) Show by labeled drawing the structure of the sperm.

Ans.
a) 1-spermatogonia - 2- primary spermatocytes - 3-secondary spermatocytes
4-spermatids - 5- sperms - 6-interstitial cel - 7- sertoli cells.

b) The stages of spermatogenesis


1- Multiplication phase:
The primary germ cells(2N) are divided by mitosis several times to produce a great number of spermatogonia cells (2N) .
2- Growth phase:
The spermatogonia cells store an amount of food to change into primary spermatocytes.
3- Maturation phase:
The primary spermatocytes (2N) are divided by meiosis (1) to produce secondary spermatocytes (N) which are divided by meiosis (2) to produce
spermatids (1N).
4- Metamorphosis phase:
The spermatids are converted into sperms.



c) the importance of cells No.6 and No.7.
The interstitial cells secrete the testosterone hormone.
The sertoli cells
1- secrete fluid to feed the sperms inside the testis.
2- they gave immunization function.

d) The structure of the sperm.
It consists of head, neck, midpiece & tail
a- The head: It contains nucleus {(1N) = 23 chromosomes} & acrosome.
The acrosome secretes the hyaluronic enzyme that dissolves a part of the ovum membrane, to facilitate its penetration process.
b- The neck contains two centrioles, which help in the division of the zygote.
c- The midpiece contains mitochondria to energy for movement.
d- The tail consists of an axis, which ends with caudal piece to move the sperm

Q5: Examine the opposite figure, then answer the following:


a) Label the numbered parts (organs)
b) What is the importance of organs No.1 and No. 4.?
c) Where does the fertilization process occur?.
d) What are the changes which occur to organ No.1 during the menstrual cycle?
e) What will happen if the two ovaries are eradicated from a pregnant woman? and why?

Ans.
a) 1- ovaries - 2- Fallopian tube - 3- uterine muscles - 4- uterine cavity - 5- cervix
6- vagina

b) The importance of
* The ovaries 1- production of mature ova 2- The secretion of female sex hormones.
* The uterine cavity .. - Providing a safe place for embryo dvelopment till birth.

c) The fertilization process occurs in the 1st third part of the fallopian tube.

d) The changes which occurs to organ No.1 during the menstrual cycle:
1 - Phase of proliferation (10 days):
* The pituitary gland secretes the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which stimulates the ovary to produce Graafian follicle which secretes estrogen to stimulate the growth of the endometrium.
2 - Phase of ovulation( 14 days):
* When the anterior lobe the pituitary gland secretes (L.H.) which stimulates the ovum to liberate from the Graafian follicle and the Graafian follicle is transformed into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen to increase the thickness of the endometrium, and its blood supply.

3 - Phase of menstruation (3-5 days):
* If the ovum is not fertilized the corpus luteum degenerates gradually.
* Therefore, the secretion of progesterone stops , so the endometrium degenerates and the blood vessels tear due to the successive contractions of the uterus, Thus menstrual bleeding takes place.
* This lasts 3-5 days’ and a new cycle of the other ovary begins.

e) if the two ovaries are eradicated from a pregnant woman before the forth month, abortion occurs because it secretes the progesterone and estrogen to preserves the endometrium and stimulates the mammary glands to develop gradually.
* But during the fourth month, the placenta grows and secretes the progesterone.


Biology | أسئلة الكتاب المدرسى على الوحدة الثانية

Q6: Give reasons for the following:
Q1: The spermatognesis in the bee male is formed by mitosis division, not by meiotic division.
* Because the male bee is produced as the result of Parthenogenesis (the ability of unfertilized egg to develop into a new individual without being fertilized by a male gamete) so, the male bee somatic cells are haploid (1N) therefore it divides by mitosis division, not by meiotic division.

Q2: Sometimes, the spirogyra recurs the lateral conjugation.
* Lateral because it takes place between two adjacent cells conjugation Due to the unfavorable conditions as dryness, shortage of light , increase the temp. & pollutants

Q3: The regeneration in Hydra differs from that in Crustaceans.
* Because regeneration in some crustaceans and amphibians regenerate their lost parts , but in hydra, if the body is cut into several parts each part can regenerate into a complete individual(asexual reproduction)
Q4: Conjugation in Spirogyra is followed by meiotic division.
* In order to reduce the no. of chromosomes in the zygote of the resulted cells from 2N to N to be similar to original cells which is haploid (N).

Q5: An extract of pollen grains is sprayed over stigmata of some flowers.
* To stimulate the ovary to form fruit without seeds as a kind of artificial Parthenocarpy

Q6: The endosperm nucleus is triploid (3N).
* Because it formed as the result of triple fusion (one of the two male nucleus fuses with nucleus of embryo sac (2N) to form endospermic nucleus (3N).


Q7: The cattle sperms are treated by centrifugation.
* To separate the sperms with (X) chromosome from sperms with (Y) chromosome to produce only males for meat or females for reproduction and milk production as required by breeders.

Q8: The importance of the midpiece of the sperm during the ovum fertilization.
* Because the midpiece contains mitochondria to produce the required energy for movement and fertilization .

Q9: The corpus luteum degenerates during the fourth month of pregnancy, however no abortion occurs.
* Because of the formation of the placenta which grows in the uterus and takes over the function of the corpus luteum in secreting the progesterone into the blood.

Q10: The sperms must be of huge number so that fertilization takes place.
* The number of sperms from 300 million to 500 million per ejaculation, many of them are lost during their journey to the ovum therefore the man is considered in fertile if the number of sperms is less than 20 millions.
* The sperms share in secreting the hyaluronic enzyme which dissolves part of the ovum coat through which one sperm only(head & neck only) enters.

Q11: As soon as the ovum is fertilized the endometrium and its glands grow.
* Due to the action of Progesterone hormone which is secreted from the corpus luteum ,that inhibits ovulation (the secretion of FSH from the petutary gland) to preserves the endometrium that becomes rich with blood supply necessary for the development of embryo along the nine months of pregnancy.

Q12: In most mammals, the two testes lay outside the body.
*Because the position of the two testes outside the body prepares a condition cooler than the body temperature to be suitable for spermatogenesis

Q7: What happens in the following cases:
Q1: The corpus luteum degenerates in the second month of pregnancy.
* If the corpus luteum which secrete the progesterone is removed before the forth month, abortion occurs due the absence of progesterone hormone which preserves the endometrium and stimulates the ovulation (secretion of FSH from the petutary gland).

Q2: The two testes lay inside the human body.
* Whenever a testis fails to descend down into the scrotum, spermatogenesis does not occur because of the body temp. which is not suitable for spermatogenesis, causing sterility.

Q3: If the two ova are feratilized by two sperms at the same time.
* Fraternal (dizygotic) twins are formed & each zygote developed into an embryo.












Q9: Some living organisms reproduce by sexual followed by asexual one in their life cycle.
a) What is the scientific term of this statement and how can they make use of it?
b) Why is it common between parasites?
c) Mention two examples, one from the plant kingdom and the other from the animal kingdom in which this phenomenon occurs.

Ans.
a) the scientific term is Alternation of generations
b) it is common between parasites to gain from both methods their advantages of rapid production and genetic variation,these enable them to spread widely and to adapted with the change in the environmental conditions.
c) Examples of Alternation of generations
1- Life cycle of Plasmodium (Malaria parasite)
2- The life cycle of Schistosoma (Bilharzia worms) ( animal kingdom).
3- The life cycle of ferns as Polypodium & Adiantum (plant kingdom)

Q10: In the uterus, the embryo is surrounded by two types of embryonic membranes, what are they? and what is the importance of each?
Ans.
Embryonic membranes:
* The outer embryonic membrane is the chorion, their finger - like projections grow to be inserted in the endometrium to form the placenta, in which the capillaries of both embryo and mother touch.
* The inner is the amnion which surrounds the embryo with a fluid to protect it against shocks and dryness,Their edges are connected to form the umbilical cord which is a tissue rich in blood vessels that transfer digested food, vitamins, water, salts and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo’s intestine, and it transfers the excretory wastes and carbon dioxide from the embryo’s intestine to the placenta.

Q11Using the opposite drawing, answer the following:

a) Label the numbered organs.


b) How is the seed formed? and how its kind, monocot plants or dicot plants, is determined?
c) What will happen if the flower is not pollinated?.
d) What will happen if the flower is pollinated and not fertilized?
e) How can you get seedless fruits artificially?

Ans.
a)


b) When the pollen grain fall on the stigma, it germinates pollen tube is formed and grow to reaches the micropyle of the ovule ,then the tube nucleus degenerates while the generative nucleus is divided by mitotic division into 2 male nuclei each (N).
* One of them fuses with the egg nucleus (N) forming the zygote (2N), which starts to divide forming the embryo (2N).

The triple fusion
* It is the fusion of male nucleus (N) with the two embryo sac nuclei (2N) to form the endosperm nucleus (3N).

Double fertilization
* It is the fertilization of egg nucleus (N) by male generative nucleus to form the zygote & the fusion of male nucleus (N) with the two embryo sac nuclei (2N) to form the endosperm nucleus(3N) at the same time

c) If the flower is not pollinated the flower withers and drops off without fruit formation.

d) If the flower is pollinated and not fertilized that will form seedless fruit

e) To get seedless fruits artificiallyIt takes place by spraying the stigmata with the extract of pollen grains. (Pollen grains powder in ether solution as indole or naphtol acitic acid) to stimulate the ovary to form the fruit.

Q12: Write the name of the hormone which leads to:
1- The growth of the Graafian follicle in the ovary.
2- The follicle rupture and the ovum liberation.
3- The appearance of the male secondary sex characteristices.
4- The inhibition of the ovulation and growth of the endometrium.
Ans
1- FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
2- LH (lutinaizing hormone)
3- Androgens ( testosterone – androwsterone )
4- progasteron hormone.

Q13: What is meant by each of the following:
Breeding cycle - parthenogenesis - partheencarpy - The double feretilization –
the corpus luteum - the triple fusions - the false fruit - Amnion.
Ans
Breeding cycle:
* It is the periods in the life of placental mammals, where the ovary becomes regularly active in the adult female for the sexual function of mating and production.

parthenogenesis
* It is the ability of the egg to develop to a new individual without being fertilized by a male gamete.

Parthenocarpy:
* It is the formation of fruit from the flower without fertilization.

Double fertilization
* It is the fertilization of egg nucleus (N) by male generative nucleus to form the zygote & the fusion of male nucleus (N) with the two embryo sac nuclei (2N) to form the endosperm nucleus(3N) at the same time.

The corpus luteum
* It is the Graafian follicle after the libration of the maure ovum ,secretes the progesterone and esrtogen.
* Reaches to its maximum growth at the end of the third month of pregnancy.
* The corpus luteum starts to degenerate during the fourth month, when the placenta that grows in the uterus takes over its function in secreting the progesterone.

The triple fusion
* It is the fusion of male nucleus (N) with the two embryo sac nuclei (2N) to form the endosperm nucleus (3N).

False fruit:
* It is the fruit in which the receptacle or any part share ovary to store food as in apple where the receptacle may share in fruit formation.

The amnion:
* It surrounds the embryo with a fluid to protect the embryo against shocks and dryness.

Q14: Show by drawing only the stages of maturation of a plant’s ovule (egg) in order for the plant’s flower to become ready for fertilization.




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